Due to cash shortages, public, not private, childcare provision is the only option for many working class parents who are in employment.
In many communities in the UK, childcare is available through public, voluntary and private nursery provision, and through a network of home-based childminders. However, although affluent middle class parents are in a position to choose their preferred childcare option, research funded by the Economic and Research Council (ESRC), has highlighted that working class parents, constrained by low income, are largely restricted to state-run day nurseries only.
The research, carried out by the Centre for Critical Education Policy Studies, at the Institute of Education, sought to throw light on how working class parents in two areas of London make arrangements for looking after under-fives, and investigated the childcare choices available to them. Parents from 70 families in the Stoke Newington and Battersea areas of London took part in the study. The research also explored the parentsí views on what constitutes ëgoodí mothering and balancing the demands of family and employment.
ìState day nurseries are overwhelmingly used by working class parents, but wealthier parents can choose from a diversity of childcare provision available in the private sector,î said Dr Carol Vincent who took the lead role in the research. ìThis segregated provision raises concerns over affordability of care, as such a high percentage of care costs fall on the parent in the UK. We concluded that the working class families who took part really have very little choice in provider.î
Despite the lack of options, it was found that participating families viewed day nurseries favourably because of the developmental opportunities and security they offered to young children. However, they were unwilling to criticise carers, or raise any concerns that they might have. Tax credits allowed many of the women interviewed to take up jobs but because of low wages, they were limited to cheaper childcare.
ìWe found the mothers in our research were often caught between two conflicting positions; being a ëgoodí mother, or being a ëgoodí worker,î said Dr Vincent. ìIf they were in work, they had to balance having reduced time at home, with being an ideal mum.î
In the workplace, many of the women were in occupations that offered little flexibility in working hours. Hardly any of the mothers referred to employersí formal childcare policies, but it was felt that personal relationships established with line mangers were crucial in enabling them to carry out their mothering responsibilities easily. In a situation repeated across social class groups, most of the women were the primary carers at home, while the men took on only an ancillary role when it came to looking after the children and performing household tasks.
The research demonstrates clearly the tensions for working class mothers in trying to maintain both their commitments at work and to their families. Policymakers should be encouraged that few experienced difficulties in accessing childcare, but should be concerned about the growing divide between the under-fives of ëhaveí and ëhave-notí parents.
Limited child care options for working class mums
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